Glossary 1

This determines how much dynamic range your engineer, DAW or listeners will be able to hear or process from your audio with the most fidelity; alongside the sample rate. Understanding Bit Depth may result in creativity.

This refers to the distance of soft sounds to loud sounds in a work. Real life has the widest range from a soft cricket in the distance to a loud lightning strike close-by.
A reproduced piece of audio in a low bit depth reduces the distance between the sounds so that the cricket may be much louder and closer in volume to the thunder clap and vice-versa. You’ve just discovered “compression“.

The quality or exactness of a reproduction to its original capture. 

Responsible for a sounds timbre. Even multitudes of a primary tone‘s frequency that are not necessarily weaker but in fact louder in many cases. Harmonics may have positive or negative effects in the mixing proces. They are a blessing but not necessarily a curse. Be brave warrior, stay creative.

Frequency(or oscillations) in cycles per second.  Humans hear sound as low as 20hz and up to around 20,000hz. The higher frequencies will roll off with age. 

Wavelengths of light and AC current are some other things measured in hertz. 

The final step in music production where a work’s fidelity is preserved as mush as possible across differing playback systems and devices. I.E Bluetooth speaker vs home audio or car.
Preparation for mass production and distribution is done here and the work should ideally need very little adjustment after it leaves the mixing engineer’s desk. 

Essentially it is "chaos in a system sounding itself out". This is not my quote but it's so right and essentially describes anyones signal chain. I wish I could give credit to its author. Will site when found again.

The quality of a sound due to the harmonics the source audio produces. It’s why people can identify one person’s voice from another. Two different instruments playing the same note will each sound out multitudes of that frequency at differing amplitudes. It provides personality and makes each instrument (or persons voice) uniquely identifiable to the listener. 

Temporary or permanent ringing of the ears, usually because of traumatic noise experiences.

Something that changes energy from one form to another.  Not going to repeat what you may have heard i.e A speaker is also a microphone, still that's the general direction this leads to. 

There are many types of transducers built for different purposes and it's an interestiong topic. Dig deeper now, we'll be here.

Influences how true to the performance the recording will be. It is analogous to how many pixels there are per square inch on a TV screen; it’s slices of sound per second in this case and the more bit-depth the better.  It's HD vs Standard and memory/processing ability matters before and after a work is final. Also, creative choices here as well. So. Frame rate alongside pixel density is anlogous to sample rate alongside bit depth.